本文为胡必杰教授翻译的《美国感控协会（APIC）的指导性文件感染预防能力：一个概念性的方法来指导当前和今后的实践——感染预防的核心能力》部分重要条目。

美国感控协会（APIC）的指导性文件

感染预防能力：一个概念性的方法来指导当前和今后的实践

Competency in infection prevention: A conceptual approach to guide current and future practice

感染预防的核心能力

（Infection prevention core competencies）

1. 感染性疾病过程的识别

Identification of infectious diseaseprocesses

a. 区分定植、感染和污染

Differentiate among colonization, infection, and contamination

b. 识别感染发生率、病原储存库、潜伏期、可传染期、传染模式、体征和症状、易感性

Identify occurrences, reservoirs, incubation periods, periods of communicability, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, and susceptibility associated with the disease process

c. 解读诊断/化验报告结果

Interpret results of diagnostic/laboratory reports

d. 识别用于诊断感染过程的不同种类试验的局限性和优点

Recognize limitations and advantages of types of test used to diagnose infectious processes

e. 认识需要立即审核和调查的具有流行病学意义的微生物

Recognize epidemiologically significant organisms for immediate review and investigation

f. 抗菌药物预防性、经验性和治疗使用的区别

Differentiate among prophylactic, empiric, and therapeutic use of antimicrobials

g. 确定需要进行环境微生物监测的适应症

Identify indications for environmental microbiological monitoring

2. 监测和流行病学调查

Surveillance and epidemiologic investigations

a. 设计监控系统

Design surveillance systems

b. 收集和汇编监测数据

Collect and compile surveillance data

c. 解读监测数据

Interpret surveillance data

d. 开展感染暴发调查

Conduct outbreak investigation

3. 预防/控制感染病原的传播

Preventing/controlling the transmission of infectious agents

a. 制定、审核感染预防和控制的政策和规程

Develop and review infection prevention and control policies and procedures

b. 与公共卫生机构合作制订社区应对微生物（如炭疽、流感）的计划

Collaborate with public health agencies in planning community responses to biologic agents (eg, anthrax, influenza)

c. 确定和实施下列有关的感染预防与控制策略：

Identify and implement infection prevention and control strategies related to the following:

1) 手部卫生

Hand hygiene

2) 清洗、消毒、灭菌

Cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization

3) 直接和间接的保健机构

Specific direct and indirect care settings

4) 与治疗和诊断操作和装置相关的感染风险

Infection risks associated with therapeutic and diagnostic procedures and devices

5) 可能受污染的设备和用品的召回

Recall of potentially contaminated equipment and supplies

6) 隔离/屏障预防措施的启动与中止

Initiation and discontinuation of isolation/barrier precautions when indicated

7) 患者安置、转运与出院

Patient placement, transfer, and discharge

8) 环境危害

Environmental hazards

9) 患者护理产品和医疗器械的使用

Use of patient care products and medical equipment

10) 给患者的免疫规划

Immunization programs for patients

11) 患者医护期间的建筑及装修

Construction and renovation in patient care

12) 传染病患者的大量涌入

The influx of patients with communicable diseases

4. 员工/职业健康

Employee/occupational health

a. 审核和/或制订筛查和免疫规划

Review and/or develop screening and immunization programs

b. 相关传染病或职业暴露后，提供指导、跟进、工作限制和建议

Provide counseling, follow-up, work restrictions, and recommendations related to communicable diseases or following exposures

c. 帮助分析职业暴露后感染发生趋势，职业健康和感染防控部门之间的信息交流

Assist with analysis and trending of occupational exposure incidents and information exchange between Occupational Health and Infection Prevention and Control departments

d. 职业暴露致感染性疾病的风险评估

Assess risk of occupational exposure to infectious diseases

5. 管理和沟通（领导力）

Management and communication (leadership)

A．规划

Planning

a. 进行组织的感染风险评估

Conduct an infection risk assessment of the organization

b. 制订、评估和修改感染预防和控制计划中的使命和愿景陈述、目标、可衡量的目标和行动计划

Develop, evaluate, and revise a mission and vision statement, goals, measurable objectives, and action plans for the infection prevention and control program

c. 针对感染预防和控制方案，推荐具体的设备、人员和资源

Recommend specific equipment, personnel, and resources for the infection prevention and control program

d. 参与成本效益评估、功效研究和产品评估

Participate in cost benefit assessments, efficacy studies, and product evaluations

e. 根据临床结果和财务情况，对实施提出修改建议

Recommend changes in practice based on clinical outcomes and financial implications

B．沟通和反馈

Communication and feedback

a. 向适当的个人、委员会、部门和单位，提供感染预防和控制的调查结果、建议、年度报告、政策和规程

Provide infection prevention and control findings, recommendations, annual reports, and policies and procedures to appropriate individuals, committees, departments, and units

b. 与内部和外部客户进行沟通

Communicate with internal and external customers

c. 对不良和警戒事件鉴定和审查的风险管理/质量管理部门，进行合作

Collaborate with risk management/quality management in the identification and review of adverse and sentinel events

d. 评估认证/监管和依从性改进

Evaluate accreditation/regulatory issues and facilitate compliance

C．质量/绩效改进和患者安全

Quality/performance improvement and patient safety

a. 参与感染预防和控制相关的质量/绩效改进和病人安全活动

Participate in quality/performance improvement and patient safety activities related to infection prevention and control

b. 通过使用图形工具，展示质量/绩效改进项目

Demonstrate quality/performance improvement projects through the use of graphic tools

6. 教育和研究

Education and research

A. 教育

Education

a. 评估需要，制定目标和可衡量目标，并准备课程教案

Assess needs, develop goals and measurable objectives, and prepare lesson plans for educational offerings

b. 在教育策略和提供教育课程方面，采用适合成人学习的原则

Apply principles of adult learning to educational strategies and delivery of educational sessions

c. 对各种感染的预防和控制议题，准备、展示或协调教育研讨会、讲座、讨论或一对一教育

Prepare, present, or coordinate educational workshops, lectures, discussion, or one-on-one instruction on a variety of infection prevention and control topics

d. 评价教育和学习效果的有效性

Evaluate the effectiveness of education and learner outcomes

e. 指导患者，家属，以及其他访问者关于感染预防和控制的方法

Instruct patients, families, and other visitors about methods to prevent and control infections

B. 研究

Research

a. 运用批判性阅读能力，评估研究成果

Apply critical reading skills to evaluate research findings

b. 通过教育和咨询，把研究成果转化为工作实践

Incorporate research findings into practice through education and consultation